Vegans and lacto-ovo-vegetarians, however, require 1.8 times the iron intake of nonvegetarians because of differential bioavailability
Vegetarian diets in children and adolescents
Consequently, iron deficiency anemia has been shown in many studies to occur in vegetarian children and in a greater proportion of macrobiotic children (4). Iron deficiency is also not a benign condition, because anemic infants may have significantly lower Mental and Psychomotor Developmental Index scores compared with control infants (4). Thus, iron is another nutrient that should be monitored in children who follow atypical diets.
Infants and children consuming atypical diets: Vegetarianism and macrobiotics
Eisen-kognitive Entwicklung
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Cantwell, R. J. (1974) The long term neurological sequelae of anemia in infancy.Pediatr. Res. 342:68.
Lozoff, B., Wolf, A. W. & Jimenez, E. (1996) Iron-deficiency anemia and infant development: effects of extended oral iron therapy. J. Pediatr. 129:382-389.
de Andraca, I., Walter, T., Castillo, M., Pino, P., Rivera, P. & Cobo, C. (1990) Nutrition and social correlates in iron deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency anemia and its effects upon psychological development at pre-school age: a longitudinal study :53-62 Nestle Foundation Lausanne, Switzerland.
Deinard, A. S., List, A., Lindgren, B., Hunt, J. V. & Chang, P. N. (1986) Cognitive deficits in iron-deficient and iron-deficient anemic children. J. Pediatr. 108:681-689.
Driva, A., Kafatos, A. & Salman, M. (1985) Iron deficiency and the cognitive and psychomotor development of children: a pilot study with institutionalised children. Early Child. Dev. Care 22:73-82.
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Honig, A. S. & Oski, F. A. (1984) Solemnity: a clinical risk index for iron deficient infants. Early Child Dev. Care 16:69-83.
Hurtado, E. K., Claussen, A. H. & Scott, K. G. (1999) Early childhood anemia and mild or moderate mental retardation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 69:115-119.
Idjradinata, P. & Pollitt, E. (1993) Reversal of developmental delays in iron-deficient anemic infants treated with iron. Lancet 341:1-4.
Lansdown, R. & Wharton, B. A. (1995) Iron and mental and motor behaviour in children. Iron: Nutritional and Physiological Significance. The Report of the British Nutrition Foundation’s Task Force :65-78 Chapman and Hall London, UK.
Roncagliolo, M., Garrido, M., Walter, T., Peirano, P. & Lozoff, B. (1998) Evidence of altered central nervous system development in infants with iron deficiency anemia at 6 mo: delayed maturation of auditory brainstem responses. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68:683-690.
Yu, G. S., Steinkirchner, T. M., Rao, G. A. & Larkin, E. C. (1986) Effect of prenatal iron deficiency on myelination in rat pups. Am. J. Pathol. 125:620-624.
Vitamin B12 Mangel
Drogari E, Liakopoulou-Tsitsipi T, Xypolyta-Zachariadi A, Papadellis F, Kattamis C. Transient methylmalonic aciduria in four breast fed neonates of strict vegetarian mothers in Greece. Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 1996 19S:A84.
Minet JC, Bisse E, Aebischer CP, Beil A, Wieland H, Lutschg J. Assessment of vitamin B-12, folate, and vitamin B-6 status and relation to sulfur amino acid metabolism in neonates. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Sep;72(3):751-7.
Lovblad K, Ramelli G, Remonda L, Nirkko AC, Ozdoba C, Schroth G. Retardation of myelination due to dietary vitamin B12 deficiency: cranial MRI findings. Pediatr Radiol. 1997 Feb;27(2):155-8.
Davis JR, Goldenring J, Lubin B. Nutritional vitamin B12 deficiency in infants. Am J Dis Child. 1981(Jun);135:566-7.
Zmora E, Gorodischer R, Bar-Ziv J. Multiple nutritional deficiencies in infants from a strict vegetarian community. Am J Dis Child. 1979 Feb;133(2):141-4.
Grattan-Smith PJ, Wilcken B, Procopis PG, Wise GA. The neurological syndrome of infantile cobalamin deficiency: developmental regression and involuntary movements. Mov Disord. 1997 Jan;12(1):39-46.
Goraya J. letter about Persistence of neurological damage induced by dietary vitamin B-12 deficiency. Arch Dis Child. 1998;78(4):398-9.
